Ports needed for Microsoft Teams

It's mainly 80 & 443 the most required ports for Microsoft teams communication, you can use the following command while you loginig to Microsoft teams to detect which protocol is stacked.
from CMD type the following

netstat -n

Or you can use fiddler to check the same behaviour.
Skype for Business Online and Microsoft Teams

ID	Category	ER	Addresses	Ports
11	Optimize Required	Yes	13.107.64.0/18, 52.112.0.0/14	UDP:3478, 3479, 3480, 3481
12	Allow Required	Yes	*.lync.com, *.teams.microsoft.com, teams.microsoft.com 13.70.151.216/32, 13.71.127.197/32, 13.72.245.115/32, 13.73.1.120/32, 13.75.126.169/32, 13.89.240.113/32, 13.107.3.0/24, 13.107.64.0/18, 51.140.155.234/32, 51.140.203.190/32, 51.141.51.76/32, 52.112.0.0/14, 52.163.126.215/32, 52.170.21.67/32, 52.172.185.18/32, 52.178.94.2/32, 52.178.161.139/32, 52.228.25.96/32, 52.238.119.141/32, 52.242.23.189/32, 52.244.160.207/32, 104.215.11.144/32, 104.215.62.195/32, 138.91.237.237/32, 2603:1027::/48, 2603:1037::/48, 2603:1047::/48, 2603:1057::/48, 2620:1ec:6::/48, 2620:1ec:40::/42	TCP:443, 80
13	Allow Required	Yes	*.broadcast.skype.com, broadcast.skype.com 13.70.151.216/32, 13.71.127.197/32, 13.72.245.115/32, 13.73.1.120/32, 13.75.126.169/32, 13.89.240.113/32, 13.107.3.0/24, 13.107.64.0/18, 51.140.155.234/32, 51.140.203.190/32, 51.141.51.76/32, 52.112.0.0/14, 52.163.126.215/32, 52.170.21.67/32, 52.172.185.18/32, 52.178.94.2/32, 52.178.161.139/32, 52.228.25.96/32, 52.238.119.141/32, 52.242.23.189/32, 52.244.160.207/32, 104.215.11.144/32, 104.215.62.195/32, 138.91.237.237/32, 2603:1027::/48, 2603:1037::/48, 2603:1047::/48, 2603:1057::/48, 2620:1ec:6::/48, 2620:1ec:40::/42	TCP:443
14	Default Required	No	quicktips.skypeforbusiness.com	TCP:443
15	Default Required	No	*.sfbassets.com, *.urlp.sfbassets.com, skypemaprdsitus.trafficmanager.net	TCP:443, 80
16	Default Required	No	*.keydelivery.mediaservices.windows.net, *.msecnd.net, *.streaming.mediaservices.windows.net, ajax.aspnetcdn.com, mlccdn.blob.core.windows.net	TCP:443
17	Default Required	No	aka.ms, amp.azure.net	TCP:443
18	Default Optional Notes:Federation with Skype and public IM connectivity: Contact picture retrieval	No	*.users.storage.live.com	TCP:443
19	Default Optional Notes:Applies only to those who deploy the Conference Room Systems	No	*.adl.windows.com	TCP:443, 80
22	Allow Optional Notes:Teams: Messaging interop with Skype for Business	Yes	*.skypeforbusiness.com 13.70.151.216/32, 13.71.127.197/32, 13.72.245.115/32, 13.73.1.120/32, 13.75.126.169/32, 13.89.240.113/32, 13.107.3.0/24, 13.107.64.0/18, 51.140.155.234/32, 51.140.203.190/32, 51.141.51.76/32, 52.112.0.0/14, 52.163.126.215/32, 52.170.21.67/32, 52.172.185.18/32, 52.178.94.2/32, 52.178.161.139/32, 52.228.25.96/32, 52.238.119.141/32, 52.242.23.189/32, 52.244.160.207/32, 104.215.11.144/32, 104.215.62.195/32, 138.91.237.237/32, 2603:1027::/48, 2603:1037::/48, 2603:1047::/48, 2603:1057::/48, 2620:1ec:6::/48, 2620:1ec:40::/42	TCP:443
25	Default Required	No	scsinstrument-ss-us.trafficmanager.net, scsquery-ss-asia.trafficmanager.net, scsquery-ss-eu.trafficmanager.net, scsquery-ss-us.trafficmanager.net	TCP:443
26	Default Required	No	*.msedge.net, compass-ssl.microsoft.com	TCP:443
27	Default Required	No	*.mstea.ms, *.secure.skypeassets.com, mlccdnprod.azureedge.net, videoplayercdn.osi.office.net	TCP:443
29	Default Optional Notes:Yammer third-party integration	No	*.tenor.com	TCP:443, 80
127	Default Required	No	*.skype.com	TCP:443, 80